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I-Taizhou Chengke Trading Co., Ltd.: Umhlahlandlela Wokungenisa Nokuthumela Ngaphandle Kubathengi Bomhlaba Wonke
Kwadalwa ngo 10.04
Taizhou Chengke Trading Co., Ltd.: Umhlahlandlela Wokungenisa Nokuthumela Ngaphandle Kubathengi Bomhlaba Wonke
Isingeniso: Kungani Izinkampani Zokuhweba Zibalulekile Emaketangeni Okuhlinzeka Komhlaba Wonke
Ama-global supply chain awavamisile ukuhamba ngomugqa oqondile, futhi ibanga phakathi kwendawo yokukhiqiza eZhejiang neshalofu lokudayisa eRotterdam lilinganiswa ngezincwadi, ukuhlolwa, nezikhathi zokugcina kunamakhilomitha. Umthengi waseYurophu, umhlinzeki waseTaizhou, umhambisi wempahla waseNingbo, kanye nomxhumanisi wamasiko echwebeni lendawo okufikwa kuyo bonke kufanele bavumelane ngemininingwane efanayo ngaphambi kokuba ibhokisi elilodwa lisuke endaweni yokugcina impahla. Leyo nkinga yokuxhumanisa yilapho inkampani yokuhweba enolwazi ithola khona inzuzo yayo. I-Taizhou Chengke Trading Co., Ltd. (台州程柯贸易有限公司) ihlezi kuleso siphambano, isebenza njengozakwethu wokuthola impahla, wokulawula izinga, kanye nowezokuthutha kubathengi bangaphandle abafuna izimpahla zaseShayina ngaphandle kobunzima bokuphatha abahlinzeki abaningi abahlukene. Umthengi oke wasebenza nezimboni ezintathu ezahlukene uyazi ukuthi izikhathi zishintsha ngokushesha kangakanani lapho kungekho muntu ophethe inqubo kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni. Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza ukuthi ukungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle kusebenza kanjani ngempela, yimiphi imigomo yokuhweba ebalulekile, ukuthi izincwadi nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kuhlangana kanjani, nokuthi ungabahlola kanjani ozakwethu ngaphambi kokusayina i-oda lokuthenga. Abafundi abafuna ukwazi ngenkampani bangaqala nge-Mayelana Nathi ikhasi, kuyilapho izigaba zemikhiqizo zifakwe ngaphansi kwe Izihlahla zezithelo, imbewu, kanye ne Izimpahla Zasengadini.
Izisekelo Zokungenisa Nokuthumela Ngaphandle Okufanele Ziqondwe Yibo Bonke Abathengi
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezivumelwano, kuyasiza ukuchaza amagama avela cishe kukho konke ukuhweba okweqa imingcele yezwe. Ukuthola umthombo (sourcing) kuyinqubo yokukhomba abahlinzeki abangakwazi ukukhiqiza incazelo enikeziwe ngentengo esebenzekayo, kuyilapho ukuthenga (procurement) kuhlanganisa izinyathelo zezohwebo ezilandelayo: ukucela izilinganiso zamanani, ukuqhathanisa iziphakamiso, nokuzibophezela ekuthengeni. Ukugunyazwa kwempahla emhlabeni wangaphandle (customs clearance) kuyisenzo esisemthethweni sokumemezela impahla kwisiphathimandla sezwe elingenisayo, ukukhokha noma yiziphi izintela ezikweletwayo, nokuthola imvume yokukhulula impahla. Izintela zempahla (tariffs) yizintela ezikhokhiswa empahleni engenisiwe, futhi ziyahluka kakhulu ngezigaba zemikhiqizo nangezwe okuyiwa kulo. Ama-Incoterms yimithetho eyamukelwa umhlaba wonke enquma ukuthi ubani okhokhela ukuthutha, ubani ophethe umshwalense, nokuthi yiphi indawo lapho ingozi isuka khona kumdayisi iye kumthengi. Umthengi osewathole izilinganiso zamanani kubahlinzeki abayishumi usadinga ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi kulezo zilinganiso ezifaka ukuthutha nokuthi yiziphi ezingakufaki. Ukwenza kahle lezi zinto eziyisisekelo kusenesikhathi kuvimbela ukungaqondi okubizayo kamuva.
Isibonelo esisodwa esisebenzayo siveza iphuzu. Umphathi wokuthenga esizombiza ngokuthi uSarah uthenga amathuluzi asengadini nezitshalo zesizini kumhlinzeki waseYurophu, futhi kufanele ahlanganise izintengo zabahlinzeki ezicashunwe ngezindlela ezihluke ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuba azifanise ngokulinganayo. Lapho enye imboni icaphuna nge-EXW kanti enye icaphuna nge-CIF, izinombolo eziphezulu zibukeka zifana kodwa izindleko zangempela zokufika zingahluka ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu noma ngaphezulu. USarah wafunda ukuguqula zonke izicaphuno zibe yimodeli eyodwa yezindleko zokufika ngaphambi kokuxoxisana, okwavula ngokushesha abahlinzeki ababili intengo yabo eyayingancintisani kangako kunalokho eyayibonakala ikunjalo. Lolu wuhlobo lwesiyalo olulethwa yinkampani yokuhweba, ngoba iphatha izimpahla ezingamashumi amaningi ngonyaka futhi ibona isakhiwo sangempela sezindleko ngemuva kwethemu ngayinye. Abathengi bangabona ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani empilweni yangempela kulo lonkeIzithelo/Imifino kanye Izimbali / Izitshalo izigaba, lapho ukuthutha nokubola kuvame ukubusa intengo yokugcina.
Izinsizakalo Eziyisisekelo Zenkampani Yokuhweba
Inkampani yokuhweba enikezela ngezinsizakalo eziphelele ngokuvamile ihlinzeka ngemisebenzi eyisithupha abathengisi abaningi bangakwazi ukuyenza kalula besemazweni aphesheya. Ukuthola abahlinzeki kusho ukuhlela izindawo ezifanele zezimboni, ukuhlola amafekthri ngamakhono nawo kanye nomthamo wawo, nokukhetha kuphela lawo angakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ngokuthembekile. Ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo kuhlanganisa ukuphindaphinda kwamasampula, ukukhethwa kwezinto zokwakha, kanye nokuklanywa kwezinto zokupakisha, okuvame ukuba yilapho kufihlwe khona ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kakhulu kwenzuzo. Ukuxoxisana ngentengo akukhona nje ukuphikisana: kuhlanganisa ukuqonda izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa, amazinga emiholo, umthamo wama-oda, kanye nemigomo yokukhokha ngokwanele ukuze kutholakale isakhiwo zombili izinhlangothi ezingaphila ngaso. Ukuphathwa kwama-oda kugcina ukukhiqizwa kuhamba ngesikhathi, kulandelele izinguquko, futhi kunikeze indawo eyodwa yokuxhumana uma kukhona okungahambi kahle. Ukuxhumanisa ezokuthutha kuxhumanisa ifekthri nomkhumbi, umkhumbi nechweba okufikwa kulo, kanye nechweba nesikhwama somthengi. Ekugcineni, imibhalo kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kuphelele ngokomthetho nangokwezohwebo.
Kumthengi ofana noSarah, inani lokuhlanganisa lezi zinsizakalo endaweni eyodwa licacile. Esikhundleni sokuphatha abahlinzeki abayishumi nambili, ama-forwarder ayisishiyagalombili, nezinhlangano zokuhlola ezine, uphatha ubudlelwano obubodwa obunokuziphendulela okucacile. Lapho ukuthunyelwa kubambezeleka ngenxa yephutha lokunyathelisa elivimbe ilebula, umlingani wokuhweba angakulungisa endaweni ngamahora esikhundleni sezinsuku. Abathengi bangaphinda bacele ukuthi imigqa eminingi yemikhiqizo ihlanganiswe ibe yisitsha esisodwa, okunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuthutha ngeyunithi ngayinye. TheUmhlahlandlela Wochwepheshe isigaba sewebhusayithi yenkampani sichaza kabanzi ngendlela lezi zinsizakalo ezisetshenziswa ngayo emikhakheni ethile yemikhiqizo. Ngamafuphi, inkampani yokuhweba iguqula uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka oluhlukanisiwe lube yinqubo elawulekayo.
Izimo Zokuhweba Zichazwa: FOB, CIF, EXW, kanye ne-DDP
Ama-Incoterms yizifinyezo ezigcina izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zicacile, futhi amagama amane abusa ezingxoxweni zansuku zonke phakathi kwabahlinzeki baseShayina nabathengi baphesheya. I-EXW, noma i-Ex Works, isho ukuthi umthengi uqoqa izimpahla esangweni lefekthri futhi uthwala umthwalo wemfanelo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuhlanganise nokuthutha kwangaphakathi, ukukhishwa kwempahla kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nayo yonke imali yokuthutha. I-FOB, noma i-Free On Board, isho ukuthi umdayisi uletha impahla echibini elishiwo lokuthumela futhi abhekane nokukhishwa kwempahla kwamazwe ngamazwe, ngemva kwalokho umthengi ahlele futhi akhokhele ukuthutha olwandle kanye nomshuwalense. I-CIF, noma i-Cost, Insurance and Freight, idlulisela umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kumdayisi, okhokhela ukuthutha okuya echibini lomgcinandi futhi ahlinzeke ngomshuwalense omncane, nakuba ingozi isadluliselwa lapho impahla ilayishwa. I-DDP, noma i-Delivered Duty Paid, ibeka cishe wonke umthwalo kumdayisi, kuhlanganise nezintela zokungenisa kanye nokulethwa kokugcina. Ukukhetha ngendlela efanele kuncike ekutheni umthengi ufuna ukulawula kangakanani, ukuthi ubudlelwano bakhe bokuthutha bungakanani, kanye nokuthi ungathwala ingozi engakanani.
Ayikho impendulo eyodwa elungile yonke indawo, kukhona kuphela igama elihambisana nomsebenzi othile. Umngenisi omkhulu onesivumelwano sonyaka sokuthutha impahla ngomkhumbi ngokuvamile uzokhetha i-FOB ngoba igcina ukulawula izindleko zokuthumela nokuhlela. Umthengi wokuqala ongenalo ithimba lezokuthutha angase akhethe i-CIF noma i-DDP ngoba umdayisi ubhekana nezingxenye ezinzima. USarah useneminyaka eyisithupha engenisa impahla futhi usashintsha phakathi kwamagama kuye ngomkhiqizo: i-DDP kuma-oda amancane okuzama lapho isivinini sibalulekile, kanye ne-FOB kuma-full container load lapho amanani omhambisi wakhe engcono. Okubalulekile ukusho igama ngokusobala ku-purchase order, ukusho ichweba noma indawo eqondile, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubani obhekene nomshuwalense. Izivumelwano ezingacacile ziyimbangela eyodwa evame kakhulu yezingxabano mayelana nezindleko ezingalindelekile.
Ukuqinisekiswa Komhlinzeki Nokulawulwa Kwekhwalithi
Ukuqinisekisa yilapho izinkampani zokuhweba ezimise okweqiniso zihluka khona kuma-broker amane adlulisele ama-quotation. Ukucwaningwa kwefekthri kuhlola ukubhaliswa okusemthethweni, amandla okukhiqiza, imishini, abasebenzi, izinhlelo zekhwalithi, kanye nolwazi lokuthumela ngaphambili, futhi ngokuvamile kufaka phakathi ukuvakasha ngokomzimba. Ukuhlolwa kwesampula kuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wangempela uhambisana nencazelo ekuvunyelwene ngayo, izinto zokwakha, kanye nokuqedwa ngaphambi kokuba ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kuqale. Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwenzeka ngemva kokuba ukukhiqizwa sekuqediwe nangaphambi kokuba i-container ivalwe, kuhlolwa inani, umsebenzi wokwakha, ukupakishwa, ukulebula, kanye nokumakwa kwamabhokisi. Ukuhlolwa kokuthobela imithetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe yendawo okuthunyelwa kuyo njengamazinga okuphepha, imikhawulo yamakhemikhali, noma imithetho ye-phytosanitary yezimpahla zezolimo. Lezi zinyathelo ndawonye zinciphisa kakhulu ithuba lokuthi umthengi athole i-container engakwazi ukudayiswa.
Imikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nezokulima idinga ukunakwa ngokukhethekile ngoba ithwala ingozi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezingawele ezilawulwayo ezingatholakali ezimpahleni ezenziwe. Izimbewu kufanele zihlolwe ngezinga lokuhluma nokuhlanzeka, izitshalo kufanele zihlangabezane nesitifiketi se-phytosanitary, futhi noma iyiphi into ephilayo kufanele idlule ukuhlolwa kokungenisa endaweni yokufika. Umthengi othola izinto zokutshala ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa irekhodi lokuhambisana nomthumeli uthatha ingozi yangempela yezentengiselwano. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu Izithelo/Imifino kanye Izimbali / Izitshalo kubandakanya ukuhlolwa okubhaliwe ezigabeni eziningi. Abathengi kufanele njalo bacele umbiko wokuhlolwa, hhayi nje isiqinisekiso somlomo sokuthi konke kulungile.
Imibhalo Yokuthumela Ngaphandle: Amaphepha Ahambisa Impahla
Iziphathimandla zentela yempahla zikhipha impahla ngokusekelwe emadokhumentini, hhayi ekuthembeni, okwenza ukunemba kwemaphepha kube yindaba yezentengiselwano hhayi yezokuphatha. I-invoyisi yezentengiselwano iveza umdayisi, umthengi, incazelo, inani, intengo yeyunithi, inani eliphelele, kanye nohlobo lwemali, futhi iyisisekelo sokubalwa kwentela. Uhlu lwempahla lukhombisa ukuthi mangaki amabhokisi, ubukhulu bawo, izisindo, kanye nokuqukethwe, okusiza kokubili intela yempahla kanye nendawo yokugcina impahla. I-bill of lading ikhishwa umthwali futhi isebenza njengerisidi yempahla, isivumelwano sokuthutha, futhi ezimweni eziningi idokhumenti yobunikazi okufanele inikelwe ukuze kuthathwe impahla. Isitifiketi semvelaphi sifakazela ukuthi impahla yakhiqizwa kuphi futhi singavula amazinga entela ancishisiwe ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sokuhweba ngokukhululeka. Isimemezelo sentela yempahla siqedela isithombe ngokwazisa ngokusemthethweni isiphathimandla sokungenisa ngomthwalo. Ukungafani okukodwa phakathi kwala madokhumenti kungadala ukuhlolwa, ukubambezeleka, noma izindleko ezengeziwe.
Abathumeli abanolwazi bakha uhlu lokuhlola futhi bavumelanise yonke inkambu ngaphambi kokuthumela. Ukuvumelana kubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho abathengi abaningi abakulindele: inombolo ye-invoyisi ekuhlu lokupakisha kufanele ihambisane ne-bill of lading, futhi incazelo yomkhiqizo akumele yehluke phakathi kwemibhalo. Abathengi kufanele futhi baqinisekise ukuthi ubani onesibopho sombhalo ngamunye ngaphansi kwe-Incoterm okuvunyelwene ngayo, ngoba impendulo iyashintsha phakathi kwe-FOB ne-DDP. USarah wake walahlekelwa iviki le-demurrage ngenxa yephutha lesikhala egameni lenkampani elabangela ukubuyekezwa ngesandla ethekwini lokufika. Lolo hlobo lwezindleko ezingagwemeka yilokho okugwenywa ukuphathwa kwemibhalo okungokomsebenzi.
Ukuthumela Ngezikebhe Nezokuthutha: Ukukhetha Indlela Efanele
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokuthutha impahla kuwukulinganisa phakathi kwesivinini, izindleko, kanye nokubekezelela ingozi. Ukuthutha ngomkhumbi kuyindlela ejwayelekile yemithwalo egcwele kanye nezimpahla ezisindayo, kanti isikhathi sokuhamba sisuka emavikini amathathu kuya kwamahlanu ukusuka emachwebeni aseShayina kuya eYurophu kanye namaviki amabili kuya kwamane kuya eNyakatho Melika, kuye ngomzila. Ukuthutha ngendiza kuhamba ngezinsuku hhayi ngamaviki futhi kufanele izimpahla zenani eliphezulu, ezisheshayo, noma ezingasindi, kodwa kungabiza izikhathi eziningi ngaphezulu ngekhilogramu ngayinye. Ukuthutha ngesitimela sekuphenduke indlela ethembekile ephakathi nendawo yezindawo zaseYurophu, enikeza isikhathi sokuhamba esingamaviki amabili kuya kwamathathu ngentengo ephakathi kolwandle nendiza. Abathumeli abasheshayo babhekana namaphasela amancane kanye namasampuli ngokunethezeka kokulethwa emnyango nomnyango kanye nezikhathi ezingabikezelwa. Umshwalense wempahla uvikelwa ekulahlekelweni noma ekulimaleni lapho kuthuthwa futhi ubiza ingxenye encane yenani lomthwalo, kodwa abathengi bavame ukukushaya indiva kuze kube yilapho kukhona okungahambi kahle. Izikhathi zokuhola kufanele zihlale zihlelwa kusukela ohlelweni lokukhiqiza lwasefekthri, hhayi kusukela ngosuku oda eyafakwa ngalo.
Ukukhethwa kwetheku nokuhlanganiswa kwamasu nakho kuthinta izindleko zokugcina ezifikayo. Ukuthumela ngomkhumbi kusuka eNingbo noma eShanghai kunikeza izinketho eziningi kakhulu zokuhamba ngomkhumbi, kuyilapho ukuhlanganisa abahlinzeki abaningi emkhunjini owodwa kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuthutha ngeyunithi ngayinye. Abathengi kufanele bacele kokubili uhlelo lomzila kanye nekhalenda lokukhiqiza elingokoqobo ukuze zombili zihlelwe ngendlela efanele. Izikhathi eziphakeme zonyaka, njengamaviki angaphambi koNyaka Omusha WaseShayina ngoJanuwari noma ngoFebruwari, zingangeza iviki noma ngaphezulu ezikhathini zokukhiqiza nokubhuka. Uzakwethu wezohwebo ophethwe kahle ufaka le mijikelezo ekuhleleni esikhundleni sokusabela ngemuva kokuba isikhathi sokugcina sidlulile.
Ukukhokha Nokulawula Ingozi
Isakhiwo sokukhokha singesinye sezinto ezixoxwa kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isivumelwano sokuhweba phakathi kwamazwe. Ukudluliswa kwemali ngocingo, okuvame ukufushaniswa ngokuthi i-T/T, kulula futhi akubizi kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile kulandela isakhiwo sediphozithi nesalelo esifana namaphesenti angamashumi amathathu okukhokha kuqala namaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwempahla. Incwadi yesikweletu, noma i-L/C, ithatha indawo yengcuphe yesikweletu somthengi ifake eyebhange, inqobo nje uma imibhalo ethulwayo ihambisana ngqo nemibandela yencwadi. Imibandela ye-akhawunti evulekile inikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu kakhulu ebudlelwaneni obusekelwe isikhathi eside kodwa ishiya umthumeli wempahla engcupheni, yingakho abahlinzeki abasha bengavamile ukuyinikeza. Ingozi yemali iyasebenza noma nini lapho imali yesivumelwano ihlukile emalini yasekhaya yomthengi, futhi ukunyakaza phakathi kokusayinwa nokukhokha kungadla ngokuthula inzuzo encane. Izigaba zokuxazulula izingxabano kufanele zicacise umthetho olawulayo kanye nenkundla yokulamula ngaphambi kokuba kuvele inkinga. Ukuvimbela, kwezohwebo njengakwezinye izindawo, kushibhe kakhulu kunokwelapha.
Izindlela zokulawula ubungozi ezisebenzayo zihlanganisa ukuhlolwa okuvela eceleni, ukubamba iphesenti lokugcina kuze kube kuqinisekiswa ukulethwa, kanye nokuthenga umshwalense wesikweletu ezindaweni ezinkulu ezinobungozi. Abathengi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi imininingwane yasebhange yomdayisi ilungile ngomzila ozimele, njengoba ukukhwabanisa kokudluliswa kwemali kusavame kakhulu kwezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ebudlelwaneni obude, ingxube yamadiphozithi e-T/T kanye ne-L/C kuma-oda amakhulu ivamise ukulinganisa ukuguquguquka nokuphepha. Umthetho ka-Sarah ukuthi kufanele abone inkontileka esayiniwe kanye nenkundla yezingxabano eqanjiwe ngaphambi kokuba akhiphe noma yiliphi idiphozithi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi intengo ibukeka ikhanga kangakanani.
Ukusebenza neTaizhou Chengke Trading Co., Ltd.
I-Taizhou Chengke Trading Co., Ltd. (台州程柯贸易有限公司) isebenzisa inqubo elula, enezinyathelo, yabathengi baphesheya kwezilwandle. Iqala ngombuzo: umthengi uthumela incazelo yomkhiqizo, ukucaciswa okuhlosiwe, inani, izintandokazi zokupakisha, kanye nechweba lendawo okufunekayo. Inkampani iphendula ngesilinganiso esibonisa intengo, i-Incoterm esebenzayo, isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokukhiqiza, kanye nemigomo yokukhokha. Ukuthatha isampula kulandela, okuvumela umthengi ukuthi ahlole izinto zokwakha, ukuqedwa, kanye nokupakisha ngaphambi kokuzibophezela kwinani elikhulu. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-oda kuqinisekisa amandla okukhiqiza, futhi ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuqhubeka kulo lonke ukukhiqizwa, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Ukuthunyelwa kanye nemibhalo bese kuhambisa impahla echwebeni lendawo, futhi ukusekelwa kwangemva kokuthengisa kubhekana nokuthunyelwa okuncane, izimangalo zomonakalo, noma imibuzo yokucaciswa.
Lesi sakhiwo senzelwe abathengi abafuna ukubona ngamehlo abo kunokuba bathole izimangaliso. Ngenxa yokuthi inkampani isebenza kuzo zonke izigaba zezolimo nezingadi, kuhlanganise Izihlahla zezithelo, imbewu, Izimbali / Izitshalo, kanye Izimpahla Zasengadini, iyaqonda ukuthi ukuhambisana komkhiqizo othile kuyahluka emgqeni nomgqeni. Abathengi bangabuyekeza izibuyekezo ku-Izindaba ikhasi futhi baxhumane neqembu nge-Ukusekelwa lapho imibuzo ivela ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza noma sokuthutha. Umgomo jikelele ulula: ukwenza ukuthenga kwaseShayina kubikezeleke ngokwanele ukuthi abathengi bakwazi ukuhlela ukuthengisa kwabo ngokuzethemba.
Isiphetho: Izinyathelo Ezilandelayo Ezingokoqobo Zabathandi Bomhlaba
Ukuthenga ezimpahleni ezivela eChina akunzima ngokomgomo, kodwa akuxoleli emininingwaneni. Abathengi abaphumelelayo yilabo abachaza kahle izicaciso, bakhethe ama-Incoterms ngamabomu, baqinisekise abahlinzeki ngaphambi kokuzibophezela, bahlole ngaphambi kokuthumela, futhi bavumelanise imibhalo ngokucophelela. Uzakwethu wokuhweba ophatha ukuthenga, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, imibhalo, kanye nokuhamba kwempahla unciphisa inani lezinto ezingahambi kahle futhi unikeza umthengi indawo eyodwa yokuziphendulela. Qala nge-oda lokulinga elincane, linganisa umphumela ngokumelene nesicaciso esivunyelwene ngaso, futhi wandise kuphela uma inqubo isivele ithembekile. Qala ngohlu olufushane lwemikhiqizo engaba yikhandidethi, cela amasampula, futhi qhathanisa izindleko zokufika endaweni esikhundleni samanani aphezulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ndlela yokuziphatha iguqula ukuthenga kusuka engozini kube yinzuzo yokuncintisana.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)
Kusho ukuthini ukuthi "she has" kumongo wokuhweba, futhi kungani abathengi bebona le nkulumo kaningi kangaka?
EsiNgisini sasemihla ngemihla, elithi "she has" limane liyisimo somuntu wesithathu ebunyeni sesenzo esithi "to have," futhi livela njalo emibhalweni yebhizinisi lapho kuchazwa into umthengi, umphathi, noma umhlinzeki anayo noma ayenzile. Isibonelo, umphathi wokuthenga angachazwa njengomuntu "onayo" uhlu lwabahlinzeki abathandwayo noma isivumelwano esisayiniwe. Isifinyezo sethi she has sithi "she's," esivamile ezincwadini ezingakahleleki kodwa ngokuvamile sigwenywa ezivumelwaneni nasemaceleni okuthenga ngoba singadidaniswa nethi "she is." Ukuqonda lezi zinto ezincane zohlelo lolimi kubalulekile lapho kufundwa amashidi okucacisa, ama-imeyili, nemibhalo yezentengiselwano, ngoba ukungacaci kolimi kungaba ukungacaci esivumelwaneni.
Uthole izilinganiso eziningana — uzziqhathanisa kanjani ngokulingana?
Ukuqhathanisa izingcaphuno ngendlela efanele kudinga ukuguqula yonke iminikelo ibe yisisekelo esisodwa sezindleko zokufika endaweni yokugcina ngaphambi kokubheka inombolo evelele. Ingcaphuno ethi EXW ayifaki izindleko zokuthutha, umshuwalense, kanye nezintela, kuyilapho ingcaphuno ethi CIF ifaka izindleko eziningi zokuthutha, ngakho lezi zinombolo ezimbili azifani uma ziqhathaniswa njengoba zibhaliwe. Abathengi kufanele bangeze izindleko zokuthutha ezweni, ukukhishwa kwempahla ezweni, izindleko zokuthutha olwandle noma emoyeni, umshuwalense, izintela zokungenisa, kanye nokulethwa endaweni yokugcina kumthelela ngamunye. Uma wonke umhlinzeki esekhonjiswa ngesisekelo esifanayo, ukuhlelwa kuvame ukushintsha kakhulu. Leli elinye lamaphutha avame kakhulu enziwa abathengi abasha bokungenisa impahla.
Yiluphi uhlobo lwe-Incoterm okufanele umngenisi omusha alukhethele i-oda lokuqala?
Nge-oda yokuqala, abathengi abaningi bakhetha i-CIF noma i-DDP ngoba umdayisi ubhekana nobunkimbinkimbi obuningi bezokuthutha. I-CIF ihlanganisa imali yokuthutha kuya echwebeni lokufika kanye nomshuwalense omncane, ishiye umthengi ukuba aphathe ukugunyazwa kokungenisa kanye nokulethwa kwangaphakathi ezweni. I-DDP iqhubeka kakhulu futhi ihlanganisa izintela kanye nokulethwa kokugcina, okuyinto elula kodwa ngokuvamile iyindlela ebiza kakhulu. Uma umthengi esesungule ubudlelwano bezokuthutha kanye nomthamo, ukudlulela ku-FOB ngokuvamile kunciphisa izindleko futhi kwandise ukulawula. Ukukhetha okufanele kuncike ekhonweni lomthengi langaphakathi lezokuthutha kanye nasezindlekweni.
Kufanele aqinisekise umhlinzeki — yikuphi ukuhlola okufanele kuqale?
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kufanele kube ukubhaliswa okusemthethweni, amandla okukhiqiza, kanye nesipiliyoni sokuthumela ngaphandle. Qinisekisa ukuthi ilayisense yebhizinisi isebenza futhi ububanzi obubhalisiwe buhlanganisa imikhiqizo ethengwayo. Cela ubufakazi bemithwalo yokuthumela ngaphandle yangaphambilini emakethe ezifanayo, futhi ucele izinkomba lapho kungenzeka. Ukuhlolwa kwefektri ngokomzimba noma ukuhlolwa kwabantu besithathu kwengeza ukuzethemba kokuthi umthamo oshiwo ukhona ngempela. Kuphela ngemuva kwalezi zinyathelo lapho intengo kufanele iqedwe khona.
Yimaphi amadokhumenti engizowathola ngomthwalo ojwayelekile?
Ukuthunyelwa okujwayelekile kokuthekelisa kufaka i-invoyisi yezentengiselwano, uhlu lwempahla, isitifiketi sokuthutha, kanye nesitifiketi somsuka, kanye nesimemezelo sentela esifakwa endaweni okufikwa kuyo. Kuye ngomkhiqizo, kungase kudingeke izitifiketi ezengeziwe, njengezitifiketi zezempilo yezitshalo ezitshalweni nembewu noma imibiko yokuhlolwa yezimpahla ezilawulwayo. Abathengi kufanele baqinisekise kusengaphambili ukuthi yiziphi izincwadi ezidingwa yisiphathimandla sentela yendawo okufikwa kuyo. Ukushoda noma ukungahambisani kwemibhalo kungenye yezinto ezivame kakhulu ezibangela ukubambezeleka echwebeni kanye nezindleko zokulinda. Hlala uhlanganisa imininingwane kuyo yonke imibhalo ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi usuke.
Ukuthumela kusuka eChina kuvame ukuthatha isikhathi esingakanani?
Ukuthunyelwa ngomkhumbi ngokuvamile kuthatha amaviki amathathu kuya kwamahlanu ukuya emachwebeni aseYurophu namaviki amabili kuya kwamane ukuya emachwebeni aseNyakatho Melika, kuye ngomzila nesheduli yenkampani ethwala impahla. Ukuthunyelwa ngesitimela ukuya eYurophu ngokuvamile kuthatha cishe amaviki amabili kuya kwamathathu. Ukuthunyelwa ngendiza ngokuvamile kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa emoyeni kanye nesikhathi sempilo yempahla emingceleni yomibili. Izinkampani zokuthumela ngokushesha zingaletha amaphakethe amancane ngezinsuku ezintathu kuya kweziyisikhombisa kusukela emnyango kuya emnyango. Isikhathi sokukhiqiza kufanele sengezwe kuzo zonke lezi zilinganiso, futhi izikhathi eziphakeme zonyaka zingandisa kokubili izinhlelo zokukhiqiza nezokuhamba ngomkhumbi.
Yimiphi imigomo yokukhokha ejwayelekile ebuhlotsheni obusha bomhlinzeki?
Abahlinzeki abasha ngokuvamile bacela idiphozithi elinganiselwa kumaphesenti angamashumi amathathu ngesikhathi sokubhukha, kanti insalela ekhokhwa ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa ngaphansi kwemigomo ye-T/T. Ama-oda amakhulu angahlelwa nge-letter of credit, evikela zombili izinhlangothi inqobo nje uma imibhalo ihambisana ngqo nemibandela yencwadi. Imigomo ye-akhawunti evulekile, lapho inkokhelo yenziwa ngemva kokulethwa, ngokuvamile igcinelwa ubudlelwano obude obusunguliwe. Abathengi kufanele bahlale beqinisekisa imininingwane yasebhange ngesiteshi esizimele ukuze bagweme ukukhwabanisa kwenkokhelo. Umthetho olawulayo kanye nenkundla yokuxazulula izingxabano kufanele kushiwo esivumelwaneni.
Nginganciphisa kanjani ingozi yokuthola izimpahla ezisezingeni eliphansi?
Ingozi yekhwalithi yehla kakhulu lapho izilawuli ezintathu zikhona: incazelo ebhaliwe enemininingwane, isampula eligunyaziwe eligcinwa yizinhlangothi zombili, kanye nokuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Incazelo kufanele ichaze izinto zokwakha, ubukhulu, ukubekezelelana, ukupakisha, kanye nokulebula ngendlela elinganisekayo. Isampula eligunyaziwe siba yindawo eyisethenjwa uma kuvela ingxabano. Ukuhlolwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kuhambisana nesampula ngaphambi kokuba ikhonteyina ivalwe. Abathengi abeqa noma yisiphi kulezi zinyathelo ezintathu bamukela izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lengozi.
Ngidinga umshwalense wempahla uma umdayisi ehlela ukuthumela?
Ngaphansi kwe-CIF, umdayisi unikeza kuphela isivikelo somshuwalense esincane, okungenzeka singanele ukubuyisela ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kwezentengiselwano. Abathengi abanempahla ebizayo noma ebuthakathaka kufanele bacabangele ukuhlela isivikelo sabo sezingozi zonke, ngisho noma umdayisi ephethe ukuthutha. Umshuwalense wempahla ngokuvamile ubiza ingxenye encane yenani lokuthunyelwa futhi uhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa, ukulimala, kanye nezingozi ezithile zokuthutha. Ukubuyekeza okungafakiwe kumshuwalense ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kubalulekile, ngoba akuzona zonke izingozi ezivikelwayo ngokuzenzakalelayo. Uma impahla ingenasikhala sokushintshwa noma ingeyesizini, umshuwalense uba obaluleke kakhulu.
Ngiqala kanjani ukusebenza neTaizhou Chengke Trading Co., Ltd.?
Qala ngokuthumela umbuzo ocacile onemininingwane yomkhiqizo wakho, inani ohlosile, izidingo zokupakisha, kanye netheku oya kulo. Ithimba lizophendula ngesilinganiso esihlanganisa intengo, i-Incoterm enconywayo, isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokukhiqiza, kanye nemigomo yokukhokha. Cela amasampula uma udinga ukuhlola izinto zokwakha noma ukuqedwa ngaphambi kokuzibophezela kwinani elikhulu. Uma isampula seligunyaziwe, qinisekisa i-oda ukuze kugcinwe umthamo wokukhiqiza. Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, imibhalo, ukuthunyelwa, kanye nokusekelwa kwangemva kokuthengisa kuyalandelana ngokulandelana okuchaziwe, okunikeza abathengi indlela ebikezelwayo kusukela embuzweni kuya ekulethweni.