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仙居杨梅
06.20（Aggiornato il 06.20）
产品特点播报
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外在感官特征
The main varieties of Xianju bayberry are "Dongkui" and "Biqi variety." Among them, "Dongkui" has large, round, purple-red fruits, slightly pointed flesh columns, juicy and rich in flavor, with a sweet and sour taste; "Biqi variety" has medium-sized, round, purple-black fruits, with blunt flesh columns and sweet juice. [1]
内在品质特征仙居杨梅可溶性固形物含量≥10.5%，可食率≥93.0%，总酸≤1%，总糖≥8%。 [1]
仙居杨梅
产地环境播报
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Soil Landform
Xianju Yangmei
Xianju County is located in the southeastern mountainous area of Zhejiang. The Xianxia Ridge extends to the bifurcation of Jinyun, stretching along the northern and southern borders of the county, forming a clamp-like confrontation. To the south is Kuocang Mountain, with the main peak Mi Shailang at an altitude of 1382.4 meters; to the north is Daleshan Mountain, with the main peak Qingmeijian at an altitude of 1314 meters. There are 109 peaks in the county with an altitude of over 1000 meters. Yong'an Creek flows from west to east, with a total length of 116 kilometers within the territory. The terrain slopes inward from the outside, slightly tilted to the east, with valleys and basins of varying sizes interspersed. The main types of soil in the area are yellow soil, red soil, rice paddy soil, and marsh soil. The hilly terrain at an altitude of about 200 meters is mainly composed of red sandy gravel rock, red sandstone, or calcareous purplish-red sandy slate, forming red sandy soil or red-purple sandy soil through weathering. The unique soil environment and the special mountainous basin topography are suitable for the growth of Yangmei. [1]
Climate Conditions
The climate of Xianju County is a subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 18.3°C, an average temperature of 5.6°C in January, and an average temperature of 28.5°C in July. The frost-free period lasts about 240 days a year. Rainfall is abundant, with an average annual precipitation of about 2000 millimeters, showing a bimodal distribution, with the first peak being the plum rain and the second peak being the autumn rain. The spatial distribution of precipitation is uneven, with more in the south than in the north, and more in the east than in the west. [1]
水文条件
Xianju County has high wings in the north and south, with a low middle section. The Yong'an River runs through the central part, with a total length of 116 kilometers within Xianju County and a drainage area of 1983.7 square kilometers. Major tributaries include Yu River, Zhu River Port, Bei'ao River, Twenty Dudu Pit, Thirteen Dudu Pit, Eighteen Dudu Pit, Nine Dudu Port, Six Dudu Pit, Four Dudu Pit, Yang'an Port, and Cangling Pit, among others. The runoff is abundant, with an average annual runoff of 2.145 billion cubic meters. [1]
历史渊源播报
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The cultivation of waxberries in Xianju County has a history of over 1000 years. [3]
1984, Shen Qingshan introduced more than 100 Dongkui bayberries with the help of his classmate Lin Xianling, and initiated trial planting among farmers in Qiaoting Village, Hengxi Town, and Zhao'ao Village, Nanfeng Street.
In 1986, Xianju County introduced water chestnut varieties of waxberry, which were planted in Xilu Village of Bulu Township and Shijing Village of Guanlu Town.
In 1987, experts from the China Rice Research Institute came to Xianju to give lectures, promoting the application of paclobutrazol in the dry seedling cultivation of rice. After consulting with the experts, Shen Qingshan requested 1 kilogram of paclobutrazol and conducted experiments on citrus, bayberry, and peaches according to the usage method for rice.
In April 1988, Shen Qingshan was invited by the village officials of Yushan Village in Baita Town to conduct formal experiments again in Yushan Village. Shen Qingshan conducted experiments on the concentration and duration of the medication, spending a total of 5 years on experiments and research. He ultimately summarized a relatively complete set of cultivation techniques for bayberries, which advanced the production period of young bayberries by 2 to 3 years, overcame the phenomenon of alternate bearing in bayberries, and increased the yield by more than double, with a significant improvement in quality. At the same time, large-scale experiments and research on fast-growing, high-quality, and high-yield bayberry cultivation were carried out in Xilu Village, Bulu Township, leading to a rapid expansion of bayberry planting area in the village, which became known as "Xianmei" Village, producing over 1,000 tons of bayberries annually.
20世纪90年代初，仙居杨梅并不被市场所接受。
On June 12, 1993, the first Yangmei Festival was held in Xilu Village. After the event was reported by the media, the previously overlooked Yangmei became a sought-after commodity, with prices rising from around 1 yuan per pound to 3 to 4 yuan, leading to a supply shortage. The highest income for fruit farmers in Xilu Village reached over 5,000 yuan. In June 1994, Xilu Village held the Yangmei Festival again based on last year's experience to promote and expand the popularity of Yangmei. [4]
仙居杨梅
生产情况播报
In 2019, Xianju County had a planting area of 92 square kilometers for Xianju bayberries, with an annual output of 90,000 tons and a protected area of 1,992 square kilometers. [1]
仙居杨梅
产品荣誉播报
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1999, Xianju Yangmei won the brand product award at the China International Agricultural Expo.
2001, the "Xianlv" brand Xianju bayberry was awarded the title of famous product at the China Agricultural Expo and the gold medal at the Zhejiang International Agricultural Expo.
2002, Xianju Yangmei passed the A-level certification for green food and was authorized to use the green food logo.
2003, Xianju Yangmei was rated as one of the top ten fine Yangmei in Zhejiang Province.
On April 30, 2020, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China approved the implementation of geographical indication registration protection for "Xianju Bayberry". [2]
In October 2022, selected for the 2022 Agricultural Brand Boutique Cultivation Program. [5]
In October 2022, selected as the second batch of demonstration cultural and tourism IPs in Zhejiang Province. [6] In November 2023, the composite planting and breeding system of the ancient Yangmei group in Xianju, Zhejiang passed expert review and was officially recognized.
FAO认定为全球重要农业文化遗产。 [7]
仙居杨梅
Geographical Indication Broadcast
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The geographical indication protection area for Xianju Yangmei is: the geographical coordinates between 120°44′ to 121°21′ east longitude and 28°51′ to 29°11′ north latitude. The production area includes: 20 towns (streets) and 418 administrative villages in Fuying Street, Nanfeng Street, Anzhou Street, Anling Township, Xigang Township, Qiaoshan Township, Hengxi Town, Butou Town, Potan Township, Danzhu Township, Baita Town, Tianshi Town, Guanlu Town, Shangzhang Township, Bulu Township, Guangdu Township, Xiage Town, Dazhan Township, Shuangmiao Township, and Zhuxi Town in Xianju County, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province. [1]
仙居杨梅
Quality Technical Requirements
Specific Production Methods
1.1 Site Selection
Choose slopes below 25°, altitudes below 650 meters, loose soil, good drainage, pH values of 4-6, and sandy red or yellow soil with gravel on hillside or hilly land to establish gardens. Build terraced fields or fish-scale pits before planting.
1.2 Variety Range
Dongkui, water chestnut variety.
1.3 Production Control
The Yangmei from Xianju must undergo full-process control in aspects such as seedling quality, cultivation techniques, harvesting grading, and storage preservation, according to specific production and technical requirements.
1.3.1 Seedling Quality
苗木以一年生嫁接苗干粗、苗木高度及规定高度内的分枝数作依据，分为一级、二级。低于二级标准的苗木不得作为商品苗出圃。详见下表。表1苗木分级级别 干粗（厘米） 苗高（厘米） 在规定高度内分枝数（个） 根系 检疫性病虫害一级≥0.60≥40≥3发达无二级≥0.50≥30≥2较发达。
1.3.2 Cultivation Techniques
1.3.2.1 Planting
Spring planting and autumn planting. Spring planting is from late February to mid-March, while autumn planting is from early October to early November, with spring planting being preferable. The planting density depends on the site conditions and management level of the garden area, with 375 to 450 plants per hectare.
1.3.2.2 Shaping and Pruning
Usually adopts a natural open-centered round head shape. Pruning is based on the principles of solving ventilation and light transmission, and adjusting the balance between the tree's nutritional growth and reproductive growth. Pruning methods such as bud removal, tip pruning, branch pulling, short cutting, retrenching, and branch thinning are used to ensure that the branch tips are moderately sparse and dense, with an orderly distribution, forming a good crown structure for stable and high yields. After the seedlings are topped, when new shoots emerge, select 3 to 4 vigorous new shoots with evenly distributed orientations as the main branches, and remove the remaining branches early. In the second year, cut off the immature autumn shoots on the extension branches of the main branches, and select the first lateral main branch about 60 centimeters from the trunk. In the third year, select the second lateral main branch on the main branch; the first and second lateral main branches should be spaced about 50 centimeters apart. Based on the reasonable matching of the main branches and lateral main branches, cultivate side branches to create an open-centered crown within 5 to 6 years.
1.3.2.3 Fruit and Flower Management
For young fruit trees with low fruit set, measures to promote flowering and control shoot growth should be taken during the summer and autumn shoot growth period from late July to early September to improve the fruit set rate. For multi-flower trees, moderate pruning should be carried out before bud break in spring, removing overly dense and weak flowering branches to encourage the growth of spring shoots and ensure an appropriate amount of fruit set; thinning of fruit should be done after the physiological fruit drop period ends and before the rapid fruit expansion period, generally divided into 2-3 times.
1.3.2.4 Fertilizer and Water Management
Before the high temperature and drought from July to September, ground cover should be applied. Deep plowing should be carried out in autumn and winter every 3 to 4 years to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Fertilization should be done 1 to 2 times a year, mainly applying base fertilizer in winter, with 25 kilograms of charred mud ash per plant, or 2 kilograms of cake fertilizer plus 10 kilograms of charred mud ash or 0.5 to 1.0 kilograms of potassium sulfate.
1.3.2.5 Pest and Disease Control
According to the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive control," timely removal of harmful pests' dead branches and fallen leaves reduces pest sources; strengthen cultivation management, enhance tree vigor, and improve the tree's disease resistance. Protect and utilize natural enemies, play the role of biological control, use beneficial organisms to eliminate harmful organisms, and expand the application range of using insects to control insects and fungi to control insects, in order to maintain the ecological balance of nature. Based on the actual occurrence of pests and diseases, adapt measures to local conditions, use agricultural control as the foundation, and reasonably apply chemical control, biological control, physical control, and other measures to control pests and diseases. Strengthen pest and disease forecasting and reporting to achieve timely and accurate control.
1.3.3 Harvesting
Graded, staged, and batch harvesting. Use shallow fruit baskets that can hold 3 to 5 kilograms, and place sponges at the bottom and around the sides of the baskets. The harvesting time should be in the early morning or evening.
1.3.4 Storage and Preservation
1.3.4.1 Cold Storage Room
The requirements should be built in the production area of bayberries to reduce damage caused by transportation before storage, and there should be supporting procurement sites. The temperature control range is 1℃ to 5℃, with a fluctuation of ±1℃; the humidity control range is: relative humidity 85% to 90%; with a fluctuation of ±3%. The cold storage should be equipped with humidifiers, ozone generators, and ventilation windows. If conditions permit, an ice-making room and standby units should be equipped, and the temperature of the ice-making room should be controlled below -10℃.
1.3.4.2 Warehouse Preparation
The storage room should be cleaned thoroughly before storage, tools should be washed and dried, and disinfected with ozone for 2 hours. The doors should be opened 24 hours before storage for ventilation, and the equipment should be debugged to ensure normal operation. Equip professional operators for the cold storage or establish a quick maintenance network.
1.3.4.3 Storage
The tools should be breathable and have smooth walls. Good ventilation plastic baskets or frames can be used for storage, with each basket (frame) having a capacity of no more than 10 kilograms. The height of the frame should be around 15 centimeters. Small packages of (2-3) kilograms can first be placed in a (0.04-0.06) millimeter PE fresh-keeping bag inside the plastic basket (frame), and after placing the bayberries in the fresh-keeping bag, they can be stored in the pre-cooling room. After leaving the warehouse, they can be directly transported in foam boxes after vacuuming.
1.3.4.4 Pre-cooling
The harvested bayberries are sent to the pre-cooling warehouse for pre-cooling, with a pre-cooling temperature of 3℃ to 7℃ and a pre-cooling time of 3 hours to 6 hours. Only bayberries that have undergone pre-cooling can be stored in the warehouse.
1.3.4.5 Storage
贮藏前采用臭氧杀菌。贮藏温度控制在1℃～5℃，空气相对湿度控制在85%～90%。每次入库的果品以总贮藏量的20%～25%为宜，待库温稳定后再进行下一批的入库。果实应注明入库时间及等级，便于观察与出库。 [1]
The use of the special logo is in accordance with the relevant regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs regarding the use of geographical indications for agricultural products. The following provisions are made for the use of the Xianju Yangmei geographical indication: Any Xianju Yangmei produced and operated within the scope of the logo, and bases (households) that are planted according to the production control technical specifications of Xianju Yangmei, must apply to the holder of the registration certificate to use the obtained Xianju Yangmei geographical indication on products and packaging. They must sign relevant contracts and standardize production and use of the logo according to relevant requirements, uniformly adopting a labeling method that combines the product name with the public logo of the agricultural product geographical indication. The agricultural administrative departments of the people's government at or above the county level have the supervisory and management functions over the Xianju Yangmei geographical indication and regularly conduct supervision and inspection of the geographical scope and logo usage of registered geographical indication agricultural products. Units and individuals are encouraged to conduct social supervision of agricultural product geographical indications. Producers and operators using this geographical indication are responsible for the quality and reputation of geographical indication agricultural products. Those who violate these regulations will be dealt with by the agricultural administrative departments of the people's government at or above the county level in accordance with the "
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